pH and buffers

What is ph and buffers?

pH = −log₁₀[H⁺]. A buffer solution resists pH change when small amounts of acid or base are added; it contains roughly equal concentrations of a weak acid and its conjugate base (or a weak base and its conjugate acid). Henderson-Hasselbalch equation: pH = pKa + log([A⁻]/[HA]). A-Level Chemistry uses buffers in biological-relevant contexts (blood pH ~7.4 buffered by HCO₃⁻/H₂CO₃) and industrial processes.