GCSE Physics Revision — Contamination & Irradiation
Revise Contamination & Irradiation for GCSE Physics with a topic explanation, worked example and common mistakes. Check the board notes for specification differences.
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What is Contamination & Irradiation?
Irradiation is the process of exposing an object to nuclear radiation. The object does not become radioactive itself. Contamination is when a radioactive substance is transferred onto or into an object. The object then becomes radioactive itself. For example, a person can be irradiated by having an X-ray, but they are contaminated if they swallow a radioactive source.
Board notes: A key distinction required by all GCSE Physics boards (AQA, Edexcel, OCR). The different risks and precautions are important.
Step-by-step explanationWorked examples
Worked example
A doctor uses a gamma source to sterilise a metal scalpel. Is the scalpel irradiated or contaminated? Is it safe to use afterwards? Solution: The scalpel is irradiated. It has been exposed to gamma radiation, which kills any bacteria. It is not contaminated, so it does not become radioactive and is safe to use.
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Common mistakes
- 1Confusing irradiation and contamination. This is a very common mistake. Irradiated objects are not radioactive; contaminated objects are.
- 2Thinking that irradiation is always harmful. Low doses of radiation are used for medical imaging and sterilising food and medical equipment.
- 3Not knowing how to protect against each. Shielding protects against irradiation, while protective clothing and careful handling prevent contamination.
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Frequently asked questions
What is the difference between contamination and irradiation?
Irradiation is exposure to radiation, but the object doesn't become radioactive. Contamination is the unwanted presence of a radioactive substance, which makes the object radioactive.
How can you reduce the risk from a radioactive source?
You can reduce the risk by increasing the distance from the source, reducing the time of exposure, and using appropriate shielding between you and the source.